Mayasah Al-Nema

Are you concerned that using birth control could cause infertility? This is a common concern among women, but the answer is no. Using birth control does not affect a woman's ability to get pregnant once she stops using it.

So why does the myth persist that birth control causes infertility?Continue reading to explore the facts and myths surrounding this topic and clear up any confusion you may have.

There are various types of birth control available that work in different ways to prevent pregna

Phosphodiesterase 1B (PDE1B) and PDE10A are dual-specificity PDEs that hydrolyse both cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate, and are highly expressed in the striatum. Several reports have suggested that PDE10A inhibitors may present a promising approach for the treatment of positive symptoms of schizophrenia, whereas PDE1B inhibitors may present a novel mechanism to modulate cognitive deficits. Previously, we have reported a novel dual inhibitor of PDE1B and PDE10A, compound 2 [(3-fluorophenyl)(2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-4-yl)methanone] which has shown inhibitory activity for human recombinant PDE1B and PDE10A in vitro. In the present study, the safety profile of compound 2 has been evaluated in rats in the acute oral toxicity study, as well as; the antipsychotic-like effects in the rat model of schizophrenia. Compound 2 was tolerated up to 1 g/kg when administered at a single oral dose. Additionally, compound 2 has strongly suppressed ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion, which presented a model for the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. It has also shown an ability to attenuate social isolation induced by chronic administration of ketamine and enhanced recognition memory of rats ​in the novel object recognition test. Altogether, our results suggest that compound 2 represents a promising therapy for the treatment of the three symptomatic domains of schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterised by positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive impairment. Dopamine system dysfunction is strongly implicated in the aetiology of schizophrenia, where the hyperactivity in striatal dopamine and hypoactivity in cortical dopamine is considered the key feature of this serious mental disorder. Recent research has been directed toward finding new therapeutic agents to potentiate the D1-receptor signalling and inhibit the D2-receptor signalling. Two enzymes in the phosphodiesterase (PDE) family, PDE1B and PDE10A, have become desirable drug targets for psychiatric disorders in general and schizophrenia in particular due to their high expression in brain regions involved in schizophrenia. The PDE1B enzyme represents the major inactivation mechanism of D1-receptors; therefore, the inhibition of PDE1B activity will potentiate the D1-receptor signalling and mitigate the negative symptoms and cognitive impairments. Whereas the inhibition of PDE10A activity has generated much excitement as a potentially novel mechanism to treat the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, which are attributed to the increased dopamine D2-receptor signalling. In which the inhibition of PDE10A activity will block the D2-receptor signalling and improve the positive symptoms. Therefore, in the quest of searching for a new treatment for schizophrenia, we report here the identification of a novel inhibitor with dual action on PDE1B and PDE10A. A sequential pharmacophore-based virtual screening, molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations; were combined to identify the new inhibitor. After a detailed analysis of the results, two ligands were selected for the biological evaluation, in which one of the two ligands showed significant inhibitory activity against both PDE1B and PDE10A. The newly identified inhibitor can be explored for further optimisation and evaluated in vivo for its antipsychotic-like effects.

Phosphodiesterase10A (PDE10A) is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of several neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, extensive efforts of medicinal chemists have been directed toward developing potent PDE10A inhibitors with minimal side effects. However, PDE10A inhibitors are not approved as a treatment for neurodegenerative disorders, possibly due to the lack of research in this area. Therefore, the discovery of novel and diverse scaffolds targeting PDE10A is required. In this study,

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a major group of viruses known to be responsible for wide spectrum of diseases in multiple species. The CoVs affecting human population are referred to as human coronaviruses (HCoVs). They lead to multiple respiratory diseases, such as common cold, pneumonia, bronchitis, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and Middle East respiratory syndrome. CoVs are RNA viruses that require RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRPs) for various steps in their life cycle. Action of RdRP is needed in several steps in the life cycle of CoVs and thus RdRPs constitute potential targets for drugs and other therapeutic interventions for the treatment of diseases caused by CoVs. The chapter therefore presents a detailed discussion on the structure and functions of CoV polymerases and the development of their potential inhibitors.

Gene therapy is an experimental technique for treating genetic disorders; it is designed to introduce a functional gene into a specified cell instead of missing or defective ones in order to correct the disease process by restoring, modifying or improving the cellular function. The past decade has been characterised by extreme advances in gene therapy which are considered an avenue of hope for a number of blood diseases that are difficult to be effectively treated with medications, recombinant t

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that affects more than 1% of the population worldwide. Dopamine system dysfunction and alterations in glutamatergic neurotransmission are strongly implicated in the aetiology of schizophrenia. To date, antipsychotic drugs are the only available treatment for the symptoms of schizophrenia. These medications, which act as D2-receptor antagonist, adequately address the

Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that play a key role in terminating cyclic nucleotides signalling by catalysing the hydrolysis of 3', 5'- cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and/or 3', 5' cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), the second messengers within the cell that transport the signals produced by extracellular signalling molecules which are unable to get into the cells. However, PDEs are proteins which do not operate alone but in complexes that made up of a many protein

Although many people are unfamiliar with the medical terminology osteosarcoma, they experience fear upon hearing it due to the assumption that it is related to a frightening condition. Unfortunately, the assumption is right, as osteosarcoma is the most common cancer affecting teenagers and young adults.

Osteosarcoma, which is also called osteogenic sarcoma, is a primary bone cancer that begins in the osteoblast (cells that form the bone). It most commonly affects the long bones around the knee.